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Adrian Wallwork ... 537 pages - Language:‎ English - Publisher: Springer; 3rd edition (March, 2023) - ISBN: 978-3031310713 and 978-3031310720.


Publishing your research in an international journal is key to your success in academia. This guide is based on a study of over 1000 manuscripts and reviewers' reports revealing why papers written by non-native researchers are often rejected due to problems with English usage and poor structure and content.

With easy-to-follow rules and tips, and examples taken from published and unpublished papers, you will learn how to: prepare and structure a manuscript + increase readability and reduce the number of mistakes you make in English by writing concisely, with no redundancy and no ambiguity + write a title and an abstract that will attract attention and be read + decide what to include in the various parts of the paper (Introduction, Methodology, Discussion etc) + highlight your claims and contribution + avoid plagiarism + discuss the limitations of your research + choose the correct tenses and style + satisfy the requirements of editors and reviewers.

This new edition contains over 40% new material, including two new chapters, stimulating factoids, and discussion points both for self-study and in-class use. This edition has two completely new chapters covering machine translation and using AI tools (e.g. chatbots, paraphrasers, editing tools) to improve and correct the English of a text.

Zhang Wengang, Liu Hanlong, Wang Lin, Zhu Xing, Zhang Yanmei ... 349 pages - Language:‎ English - Publisher: ‎Springer; (July, 2023).


This book focuses on the application of machine learning in slope stability assessment. The contents include: overview of machine learning approaches, the mainstream smart in-situ monitoring techniques, the applications of the main machine learning algorithms, including the supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi- supervised learning, reinforcement learning, deep learning, ensemble learning, etc., in slope engineering and landslide prevention, introduction of the smart in-situ monitoring and slope stability assessment based on two well-documented case histories, the prediction of slope stability using ensemble learning techniques, the application of Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network and Prophet Algorithm in Slope Displacement Prediction, displacement prediction of Jiuxianping landslide using gated recurrent unit (GRU) networks, seismic stability analysis of slopes subjected to water level changes using gradient boosting algorithms, efficient reliability analysis of slopes in spatially variable soils using XGBoost, efficient time-variant reliability analysis of Bazimen landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area using XGBoost and LightGBM algorithms, as well as the future work recommendation.The authors also provided their own thoughts learnt from these applications as well as work ongoing and future recommendations.

Patrick Chassaing ... 912 pages - Language: English - Publisher: ‎Springer (January, 2023).

This textbook provides a coherent and structured overview of fluid mechanics, a discipline concerned with many natural phenomena and at the very heart of the most diversified industrial applications and human activities. The balance between phenomenological analysis, physical conceptualization and mathematical formulation serve both as a unifying educational marker and as a methodological guide to the three parts of the work. The thermo-mechanical motion equations of a homogeneous single-phase fluid are established, from which flow models (perfect fluid, viscous) and motion classes (isovolume, barotropic, irrotational, etc.) are derived. Incompressible, potential flows and compressible flows, both in an isentropic evolution and shock, of an ideal inviscid fluid are addressed in the second part. The viscous fluid is the subject of the last one, with the creeping motion regime and the laminar, dynamic and thermal boundary layer. Historical perspectives are included whenever they enrich the understanding of modern concepts. Many examples, chosen for their pedagogical relevance, are dealt with in exercises.

The book is intended as a teaching tool for undergraduate students, wishing to acquire a first command of fluid mechanics, as well as graduates in advanced courses and engineers in other fields, concerned with completing what is sometimes a scattered body of knowledge.

Hoang Nguyen, Xuan-Nam Bui, Erkan Topal, Jian Zhou, Yosoon Choi, Wengang Zhang ... 496 pages - Publisher: Elsevier; (December, 2023) - ISBN-10: ‎0443187649 - ISBN-13: ‎978-0443187643.


Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Mining, Geotechnical and Geoengineering provides recent advances in mining, geotechnical and geoengineering, as well as applications of artificial intelligence in these areas. It serves as the first book on applications of artificial intelligence in mining, geotechnical and geoengineering, providing an opportunity for researchers, scholars, engineers, practitioners and data scientists from all over the world to understand current developments and applications. Topics covered include slopes, open-pit mines, quarries, shafts, tunnels, caverns, underground mines, metro systems, dams and hydro-electric stations, geothermal energy, petroleum engineering, and radioactive waste disposal.

In the geotechnical and geo-engineering aspects, topics of specific interest include, but are not limited to, foundation, dam, tunneling, geohazard, geoenvironmental and petroleum engineering, rock mechanics, geotechnical engineering, soil mechanics and foundation engineering, civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, petroleum engineering, engineering geology, etc. + Guides readers through the process of gathering, processing, and analyzing datasets specifically tailored for mining, geotechnical, and engineering challenges. + Examines the evolution and practical implementation of artificial intelligence models in predicting, forecasting, and optimizing solutions for mining, geotechnical, and engineering problems. + Offers cutting-edge methodologies to address the most demanding and complex issues encountered in the fields of mining, geotechnical studies, and engineering.

Jean-Louis Briaud ... 1056 pages - Language:‎ English - Publisher:‎ Wiley; 2nd edition (August, 2023) - ISBN-10:‎ 1119788692 - ISBN-13: ‎978-1119788690.

While there are many textbooks on the market that cover geotechnical engineering basics, Geotechnical Engineering is unique in that it is the only textbook available that is rooted within the three phase unsaturated soil mechanics framework. Written by world-renowned, award-winning geotechnical engineering expert Dr. Jean-Louis Briaud, this Second Edition offers the most comprehensive coverage of geotechnical engineering topics on the market, from theory to real-world application.

In addition to many updates and revisions, a major chapter has been added, covering 22 geo-engineering case histories. They are: Washington Monument (shallow mat foundation) + Rissa Landslide (slope stability) + Seattle 46 M-High MSE Wall (retaining wall) + The New Orleans Charity Hospital Foundation (deep foundation) + The Eurotunnel Linking France and England (tunnel) + The Teton Dam (earth dam erosion) + The Woodrow Wilson Bridge (bridge scour) + San Jacinto Monument (shallow mat foundation) + Pointe du Hoc Cliffs (rock erosion) + The Tower of PISA (shallow foundation) + The Transcona Silo (shallow foundation) + The Saint John River Bridge Abutment (slope stability) + Foundation of Briaud’s House (shrink swell soils) + The Eiffel Tower (deep foundation) + St. Isaac Cathedral (mat foundation) + National Geotechnical Experimentation Sites at Texas A&M University (full scale infrastructure tests) + The 827 M-High Burj Khalifa Tower Foundation (combined pile raft foundation) + New Orleans Levees and Katrina Hurricane (overtopping erosion) + Three Gorges Dam (concrete dam) + The Kansai International Airport (earth fill in the sea) + The Panama Canal (excavated slopes) + The Nice Airport Slope Failure (slope stability).

From site investigation and geophysics to earthquake engineering and deep foundations, Geotechnical Engineering is an ideal resource for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses, as well as practicing professionals in geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics.

Bujang B. K. Huat, Arun Prasad, Sina Kazemian, Vivi Anggraini ... 316 pages - Publisher:‎ CRC Press; (June, 2021) - Language : English - ISBN-10: 1032085428 - ISBN-13: ‎978-1032085425.


This book provides a review of problems during design and construction on problematic soils. Design methods, site investigation, construction and analysis of the various improvement methods available are explained and discussed. Various regions may have different soils with geotechnical problems that differ from those faced in other regions. For example, in Southeast Asia, the common geotechnical problems are those associated with construction on soft clays and organic soils, while in the arid region of the Middle East, problems are generally associated with the desert soils. In the US, the problems are associated with organic soils, expansive and collapsing soils, and shale. Laterite and lateritic soils are especially problematic in Mexico. Similarly, in Europe, for example, the geotechnical problems are associated with loess (France), and organic soil (Germany). A detailed description of various methods of ground improvement has been provided in 11 chapters. Each chapter deals not only with a description of the method but also focuses on region-specific ground problems and suitable ground improvement techniques. Case studies have also been included. One general chapter is dedicated to site investigation, instrumentation, assessment and control. This book will be of value to students and professionals in the fields of civil and geotechnical engineering, as well as to soil scientists and engineering geologists.

R. V. Dukkipati ... 1728 pages - Language: English - Publisher: ‎Mercury Learning and Information; (April, 2023).

The book is designed to cover all major aspects of applied numerical methods, including numerical computations, solution of algebraic and transcendental equations, finite differences and interpolation, curve fitting, correlation and regression, numerical differentiation and integration, matrices and linear system of equations, numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, and numerical solution of partial differential equations. MATLAB is incorporated throughout the text and most of the problems are executed in MATLAB code. It uses a numerical problem-solving orientation with numerous examples, figures, and end of chapter exercises. Presentations are limited to very basic topics to serve as an introduction to more advanced topics.

Features: Integrates MATLAB throughout the text + Includes over 600 fully-solved problems with step-by-step solutions + Limits presentations to basic concepts of solving numerical methods.

Table of Contents: 1: Numerical Computations. 2: Linear System of Equations. 3: Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations. 4: Numerical Differentiation. 5: Finite Differences and Interpolation. 6: Curve Fitting, Regression, and Correlation. 7: Numerical Integration. 8: Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations. 9: Direct Numerical Integration Methods. 10: MATLAB Basics. 11: Optimization. 12: Partial Differential Equations. Appendices: A. Answers to Selected Problems. B. Bibliography. C. Partial Fraction Expansions. D. Basic Engineering Mathematics. E. Cramer’s Rule. F. MATLAB Built-In Functions. G. MATLAB M-File Functions. Index.

Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr., John T. DeWolf, David Mazurek ... 864 pages - Language: ‎ English - Publisher: ‎ McGraw-Hill Education; 3rd edition (March, 2020).


The approach of the Beer and Johnston series has been appreciated by hundreds of thousands of students over decades of engineering education. Maintaining the proven methodology and pedagogy of the Beer and Johnson series, Statics and Mechanics of Materials combines the theory and application behind these two subjects into one cohesive text focusing on teaching students to analyze problems in a simple and logical manner and, then, to use fundamental and well-understood principles in the solution.

The addition of Case Studies based on real-world engineering problems provides students with an immediate application of the theory. A wealth of problems, Beer and Johnston's hallmark sample problems, and valuable review and summary sections at the end of each chapter, highlight the key pedagogy of the text.

Russell Hibbeler ... Language: English - Publisher: Pearson, (2022) - ISBN-10: 1292444045 - ISBN-13: 978-1292444048.


Engineering Mechanics is your clear, comprehensive guide to the theory and application of engineering mechanics. Drawing upon his decades of classroom experience and his knowledge of how students learn, Professor Hibbeler provides highly visual, methodical applications to help you conceptualize and master difficult concepts. A variety of problem types stress realistic situations encountered in the field, with several levels of difficulty to give you the practice you need to excel in your courses and career. The 15th Edition features a large variety of problems, about 30% which are new, which involve practical applications to different fields of engineering.

Contents: General Principles + Force Vectors  + Equilibrium of a Particle + Force System Resultants + Equilibrium of a Rigid Body + Structural Analysis + Internal Forces + Friction + Center of Gravity and Centroid + Moments of Inertia + Virtual Work

Robin Chowdhury, Gautam Bhattacharya, Subhadeep Metya ... 790 pages - Language: ‎English- Publisher: ‎ CRC Press; 2nd edition (November, 2023) - ISBN-10: ‎1138000116 - ISBN-13:‎ 978-1138000117.


This second edition of Geotechnical Slope Analysis is an updated version of the original scholarly book. In this edition, concepts and applications have been thoroughly revised. In particular, the ‘Initial Stress Approach’ has been extended to 2D problems in a more rigorous manner. Additional solved numerical examples have been added in several chapters. More importantly, the meaning of the results is explored through interpretation.

The influence of initial stresses, pore water pressures and seismic forces has been explored not only on performance indicators such as the ‘Factor of Safety’ but also on the location of critical slip surfaces. In addition to these factors, it is shown that the chosen method of analysis may also have a significant influence on the location of the critical slip surface. Student exercises have been included in some chapters with a view to encouraging further study and research, and reference is often made to case studies of particular importance.

The best features of the book have been retained with continued emphasis on both deterministic and probabilistic approaches for quantifying slope performance. The traditional performance indicator such as ‘Factor of Safety’ can be complemented by the calculation of the ‘Reliability Index’ and the ‘Probability of Failure’. This book focuses on research studies concerning slope behaviour, the occurrence of landslides and the use of alternative methods of analysis and interpretation. The importance of uncertainties in slope performance and, more broadly, in geotechnical engineering is emphasised.

This book will be valuable to undergraduate and senior students of civil, mining and geological engineering as well as to academic teachers and instructors and also to researchers, practising geotechnical engineers and consultants.

Yung Ming Cheng ... 416 pages - Language:‎ English - Publisher: Nova Science Publishers; (October, 2017) - ISBN-10: ‎1536129356 - ISBN-13: ‎978-1536129359.


Slope stability is always a very important topic in many developed and highly congested cities, particularly for many cities in China where slope failures have killed many people with significant loss of properties. The author has also participated in different types of slope stability research and consultancy works in different countries, and has published two books entitled "Soil Slope stability analysis and stabilization new methods and insights" and "Frontier in civil engineering, vol.1, Stability analysis of geotechnical structures" which are well favoured by many students, engineers and researchers. The author also frequently receives email about the details of the more innovative slope stability analysis methods, stabilization and monitoring system, as well as the procedures in the numerical implementation of some of the stability analysis methods. In views of the various improvements in the theory of slope stability analysis over the years, the author would like to write a new book on slope stability analysis and slope reliability analysis, and the new materials will be useful to both students, engineers as well as researchers. 

In this book, different methods of slope stability analysis will be discussed in a broad sense. Following that, the limit equilibrium and finite element methods will be discussed in more details, as these two methods are the methods commonly used for practical works. Detailed procedures for limit equilibrium analysis will be provided to aid the students in learning, while the program SLOPE2000 will be introduced for the solution of more complicated problems. Some interesting engineering cases will be illustrated in this book. The author will also try to introduce the use of distinct element slope stability method, which is a technique still far from practical applications, but it does offer some insights which are not possible with the other methods

Richard M. Barker, Jay A. Puckett ... 544 pages - Publisher: Wiley; 3rd edition (February, 2013) ... Language: English - ISBN-10: 0470900660 - ISBN-13: 978-0470900666.

Up-to-date coverage of bridge design and analysis-- revised to reflect the fifth edition of the AASHTO LRFD specifications: Design of Highway Bridges, Second Edition offers detailed coverage of engineering basics for the design of short- and medium-span bridges. Based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, it is an excellent engineering resource.

This updated edition features: Expanded coverage of structural analysis, including axle and lane loads, along with new numerical analytic methods and approaches + Dozens of worked problems, primarily in Customary U.S. units, that allow techniques to be applied to real-world problems and design specifications + Revised AASHTO steel bridge design guidelines that reflect the simplified approach for plate girder bridges + The latest information on concrete bridges, including new minimum reinforcement requirements, and unbonded tendon stress at ultimate and losses for prestressed concrete girders + Information on key bridge types, selection principles, and aesthetic issues +  Problems and selected references for further study + And more. From gaining quick familiarity with the AASHTO LRFD specifications to seeking broader guidance on highway bridge design—this is the one-stop, ready reference that puts information at your fingertips.

Jai B. Kim, Robert H. Kim, Jonathan Eberle ... 358 pages - Publisher: CRC Press; (April, 2013) ... Language: English - ISBN-10: 1466566515 - ISBN-13: 978-1466566514.

Developed to comply with the fifth edition of the AASHTO LFRD Bridge Design Specifications [2010]––Simplified LRFD Bridge Design is "How To" use the Specifications book. Most engineering books utilize traditional deductive practices, beginning with in-depth theories and progressing to the application of theories. The inductive method in the book uses alternative approaches, literally teaching backwards. The book introduces topics by presenting specific design examples. Theories can be understood by students because they appear in the text only after specific design examples are presented, establishing the need to know theories. The emphasis of the book is on step-by-step design procedures of highway bridges by the LRFD method, and "How to Use" the AASHTO Specifications to solve design problems. Some of the design examples and practice problems covered include: Load combinations and load factors * Strength limit states for superstructure design * Design Live Load HL- 93 * Un-factored and Factored Design Loads * Fatigue Limit State and fatigue life; Service Limit State * Number of design lanes * Multiple presence factor of live load * Dynamic load allowance * Distribution of Live Loads per Lane * Wind Loads, Earthquake Loads * Plastic moment capacity of composite steel-concrete beam * LRFR Load Rating. Simplified LRFD Bridge Design is a study guide for engineers preparing for the PE examination as well as a classroom text for civil engineering students and a reference for practicing engineers. Eight design examples and three practice problems describe and introduce the use of articles, tables, and figures from the AASHTO LFRD Bridge Design Specifications. Whenever articles, tables, and figures in examples appear throughout the text, AASHTO LRFD specification numbers are also cited, so that users can cross-reference the material.

Tim Huff ... 372 pages - Language ‏ : ‎ English - Publisher ‏ : ‎ CRC Press; (February, 2022) - ISBN-10: ‎1032208368 - ISBN-13: ‎978-1032208367


This book examines and explains material from the 9th edition of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, including deck and parapet design, load calculations, limit states and load combinations, concrete and steel I-girder design, bearing design, and more. With increased focus on earthquake resiliency, two separate chapters– one on conventional seismic design and the other on seismic isolation applied to bridges– will fully address this vital topic. The primary focus is on steel and concrete I-girder bridges, with regard to both superstructure and substructure design.

Features: Includes several worked examples for a project bridge as well as actual bridges designed by the author + Examines seismic design concepts and design details for bridges + Presents the latest material based on the 9th edition of the LRFD Bridge Design Specifications + Covers fatigue, strength, service, and extreme event limit states + Includes numerous solved problems and exercises at the end of each chapter to illustrate the concepts presented.

LRFD Bridge Design: Fundamentals and Applications will serve as a useful text for graduate and upper-level undergraduate civil engineering students as well as practicing structural engineers.

Narendra Taly ... 963 pages - Language: ‎English - Publisher: ‎ CRC Press; (November, 2014).


Highway Bridge Superstructure Engineering: LRFD Approaches to Design and Analysis provides a detailed discussion of traditional structural design perspectives, and serves as a state-of-the-art resource on the latest design and analysis of highway bridge superstructures. This book is applicable to highway bridges of all construction and material types, and is based on the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) philosophy. It discusses the theory of probability (with an explanation leading to the calibration process and reliability), and includes fully solved design examples of steel, reinforced and prestressed concrete bridge superstructures. It also contains step-by-step calculations for determining the distribution factors for several different types of bridge superstructures (which form the basis of load and resistance design specifications) and can be found in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.

Fully Realize the Basis and Significance of LRFD Specifications- Divided into six chapters, this instructive text: Introduces bridge engineering as a discipline of structural design + Describes numerous types of highway bridge superstructures systems + Presents a detailed discussion of various types of loads that act on bridge superstructures and substructures + Discusses the methods of analyses of highway bridge superstructures + Includes a detailed discussion of reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges, and slab-steel girder bridges.

Highway Bridge Superstructure Engineering: LRFD Approaches to Design and Analysis can be used for teaching highway bridge design courses to undergraduate- and graduate-level classes, and as an excellent resource for practicing engineers.

Mohamad H. Hussein, William M. Camp, J. Brian Anderson ... 736 pages - Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE); (April, 2010) ... Language: English - ISBN-10: 0784410933 - ISBN-13: 978-0784410936.

Art of Foundation Engineering Practice (GSP 198) honours Clyde N. Baker, Jr., P. E. S.E. Honorary Member of ASCE. For more than 50 years Clyde Baker has made distinguished contributions to the advancement of foundation engineering design, analysis, construction, and monitoring starting with the early Chicago high-rise buildings up to the world's current record-setting skyscrapers. It contains 38 technical papers contributed by professors, researchers practicing structural and geotechnical engineers, and contractors. This book is a valuable source of information for: historical reviews of land and offshore foundations work; fundamental and advanced foundation analytical procedures; foundation design using in situ geotechnical measurements; drilled shafts in soft and hard rock; foundations in difficult soils and geologic conditions: driven piles; foundations for static and dynamic loads; testing and long-term monitoring; and case histories. It also includes a paper by Mr. Baker based on his 2009 Terzaghi Lecture. Geotechnical engineers, structural engineers, foundation specialists, academics, researchers, geotechnologists, construction engineers, superintendents, and inspectors will find something interesting and beneficial in this book.

Michael E. Plesha, Gary L. Gray, Robert J. Witt, Francesco Costanzo ... 3557 pages - Language: ‎English - Publisher: McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 3rd edition (February, 2022).


Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics is the Problem Solver's Approach for Tomorrow's Engineers. Based upon a great deal of classroom teaching experience authors Plesha Gray andamp; Costanzo provide a rigorous introduction to the fundamental principles of statics and dynamics in a visually appealing framework for students.This title is available in Connect with SmartBook featuring Application-Based Activities the Free Body Diagram Tool and Process Oriented Problems. Instructor resources for this title include: an Image Library Lecture PPTs and an Instructor Solutions Manual.

Yuan Jiang ... 281 pages - Publisher: Artech House; (September, 2010) - Language: English - ISBN-10: 1608070883 - ISBN-13: 978-1608070886.

This practical resource provides engineers with a comprehensive understanding of error control coding, an essential and widely applied area in modern digital communications. The goal of error control coding is to encode information in such a way that even if the channel (or storage medium) introduces errors, the receiver can correct the errors and recover the original transmitted information. This book includes the most useful modern and classic codes, including block, Reed Solomon, convolutional, turbo, and LDPC codes. Professionals find clear guidance on code construction, decoding algorithms, and error correcting performances. Moreover, this unique book introduces computer simulations integrally to help readers master key concepts. Including a companion DVD with MATLAB programs and supported with over 540 equations, this hands-on reference provides an in-depth treatment of a wide range of practical implementation issues. DVD is included! It contains carefully designed MATLAB programs that practitioners can apply to their projects in the field.

Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Pradeep Singh Rawat, Kashif Zia ... 268 pages - Language:‎ English - Publisher: ‎Auerbach Publications; (January, 2023).

A new era of complexity science is emerging, in which nature- and bio-inspired principles are being applied to provide solutions. At the same time, the complexity of systems is increasing due to such models like the Internet of Things (IoT) and fog computing. Will complexity science, applying the principles of nature, be able to tackle the challenges posed by highly complex networked systems?

Bio-Inspired Optimization in Fog and Edge Computing: Principles, Algorithms, and Systems is an attempt to answer this question. It presents innovative, bio-inspired solutions for fog and edge computing and highlights the role of machine learning and informatics. Nature- or biological-inspired techniques are successful tools to understand and analyze a collective behavior. As this book demonstrates, algorithms, and mechanisms of self-organization of complex natural systems have been used to solve optimization problems, particularly in complex systems that are adaptive, ever-evolving, and distributed in nature.

The chapters look at ways of enhancingto enhance the performance of fog networks in real-world applications using nature-based optimization techniques. They discuss challenges and provide solutions to the concerns of security, privacy, and power consumption in cloud data center nodes and fog computing networks. The book also examines how: The existing fog and edge architecture is used to provide solutions to future challenges. + A geographical information system (GIS) can be used with fog computing to help users in an urban region access prime healthcare. + An optimization framework helps in cloud resource management. + Fog computing can improve the quality, quantity, long-term viability, and cost-effectiveness in agricultural production. + Virtualization can support fog computing, increase resources to be allocated, and be applied to different network layers. + The combination of fog computing and IoT or cloud computing can help healthcare workers predict and analyze diseases in patients.

Mao-Hung Yo ... 341 pages - Language:‎ English - Publisher: Springer (July, 2023) - AmazonSIN: B0C3PMPR3F.

This book focuses on the unified solutions and analysis for the problems in soil mechanics based on the unified strength theory, which is a new theory on the yield and failure of materials under multi-axial stresses. Then, it provides a system of yield and failure criteria adopted for most materials, from metallic materials to rocks, concretes, soils, polymers, etc. It includes the Tresca criterion, Mohr–Coulomb theory, and Mises criterion as well, which are special cases or linear approximation of the UST.

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